Analysing a power transformer’s internal response to system transients using a hybrid modelling methodology

This article presents a novel approach to analysing a power transformer’s internal response to system transients. In this approach a hybrid modelling methodology is adopted which leverages the distinct advantages offered by both Black and Grey Box modelling techniques. The Black Box model of the transformer is used within the EMTP system study environment in order to take advantage of its mathematical flexibility and modelling accuracy. Transients derived from network switching operations within the study can then be used for injection tests within the Grey Box modelling environment. The Grey Box model, which is based upon the physical structure of the transformer, will facilitate analysis of the transformer’s internal voltage response to the external stimulus. A fundamental difference between the approach described in this paper and more traditional approaches is that it does not require prior knowledge of the internal geometry of the transformer. All of the modelling parameters are derived from external tests, nameplate details and an intrinsic understanding of common transformer design principles. This can be a distinct advantage since in most cases a transformer’s design specifications are not readily available outside of the laboratory due to the manufacturer’s intellectual property restrictions. A study of a gas insulated substation within a hydroelectric power plant in Brazil is used to demonstrate the proposed technique.     

具有辐射零点的高性能WiMAX频段微带滤波天线设计

本文基于滤波器综合方法,设计了一款工作在WiMAX频段的的高性能微带滤波天线。通过在谐振器之间引入电磁混合耦合,使得滤波天线的增益曲线在高频带出现了辐射零点,从而使得滤波天线具有良好的带外抑制特性。     

基于天线分集和空-时编码的抗舰载卫星天线指向损耗方法研究

本文针对舰载卫星天线指向损耗问题,将接收分集和空-时编码技术应用于舰艇卫星通信中。构建了舰船卫星通信信道模型,分析了舰载天线随机指向损耗特点,研究了接收分集和空-时编码技术,进行了舰船卫星MIMO通信性能仿真。研究结果表明,将MIMO技术应用于舰艇卫星通信可以有效改善舰载卫星天线指向损耗的不良影响。     

一种可连续调谐空间光学衰减器的研究

可调谐空间光学衰减器在各类光电系统中具有广泛的应用前景。基于法布里-珀罗多光束干涉原理,创新性地设计了一种适用于相干光束的可调谐空间光学衰减器,该衰减器选取在红外波段具有较高折射率的硒化锌晶体作为材料,结合温度控制系统,实现光功率的调谐。采用Nd:YAG激光器作为光源,对该衰减器的性能进行测量,其调谐范围可以达到3 dB。理论分析表明,相对于热膨胀系数,硒化锌材料的热光系数是决定衰减器性能的关键参量。此外,通过在硒化锌光学平板前后表面镀高反膜,可进一步提高调谐范围。     

基于超材料结构实现5.8GHz RFID天线小型化设计

设计出一款可应用于RFID（Radio Frequency Identification）系统的5.8GHz传统矩形微带天线,天线辐射贴片尺寸为15.74mm×11.12mm,天线的回波损耗（S11）的实测结果为-23.276dB。此后,在矩形微带天线基础上进行设计改进,通过分别蚀刻15个超材料结构I型谐振环和6个超材料结构开口谐振环(Split Resonant Ring, SRR),构造出两款新型小型化天线。与传统矩形天线相比,在保持方向性、最大增益等参数性能基本不变的条件下,基于超材料结构的天线辐射贴片尺寸分别为12.44mm×9.12mm 和11.74mm×9.1mm,相比传统矩形天线分别缩小了35.2%和41.82%,辐射贴片小型化效果明显,其回波损耗实测结果分别为-21.83dB 和-15.40dB。     

GSP 插入LCOS 的可行性探讨

硅基液晶(LCOS)是最适合用于全息视频显示的空间光调制器之一,但是受限于小衍射角和低分辨率的特性,当前市场上的LCOS并不完全适用。近年来出现的超常表面(例如,间隙表面等离子体激元)具有独特的特性,提供了一种新的对光传播进行控制的方法。文中采用数值方法研究了在LCOS中插入超常表面结构,旨在解决小衍射角和低分辨率的问题。为了实用化,使用铝作为金属层、三氧化二铝层作为电介质层,生成GSP结构。首先,研究了铝在可见光频率的光学特性以及相应的法布里珀罗共振子模型。然后将初始GSP结构插入到LCOS中,得到液晶中的电场分布,进一步观察液晶中指向矢分布的变化。数值模拟的结果表明,所提出的结构对远场衍射光具有一定的影响,并且全息显示的视场角也发生一些改变。因此,这里提出的在LCOS装置中插入GSP的方案在技术上是可行的。     

一种用于星载SAR天线的转动控制技术

针对星载合成孔径雷达（SAR）天线要求在超低转速下平稳转动，同时满足小型化轻量化的要求，本文提出一种基于微步距模式的天线转动控制技术，该技术使用两个带PWM电路的全桥驱动器通过微步距方式驱动步进电机。在给出系统架构、微步距控制原理后，进一步提出可靠性设计的具体措施。经测试和环境试验验证，该技术对同类应用具有一定的参考价值。     

Energy Harvesting Performance of Dynamic Bimorph Thermopiezoelectric Benders with Arbitrary Support Location

A comprehensive theoretical analysis of a dynamic thermoferroelectric pre-stressed bimorph energy harvester is performed. The analysis takes into account pyroelectric and thermal expansion effects and general analytical expressions for the energy conversation coefficients are presented for a bilayer. These derived coefficients (transformation coefficients) are for situation when mechanical, electrical, and thermal fields are present and they are important for sensors, actuators, and energy harvesters. They are a function of material properties, location of boundary conditions, vibration frequency, and in plane compressive/tensile follower force. Numerical simulations of the analytical results are presented. Effects of volume fraction, material properties, applied mechanical loads, and boundary conditions on the harvesting coefficients are shown in the figures. The results for a cantilever and a simply-supported beam are obtained as particular cases. The result for a low frequency (static) system is obtained as a particular case by approaching the vibration frequency to zero. It is shown that volume fraction, material properties, plain compressive/tensile follower force, the location of the boundary conditions, and the vibrational frequency of the bimorph strongly influence the strain distribution, and this in turn influences the charge coefficient and the generation of energy.     

Power conversion system for high altitude wind power generation with medium voltage AC transmission

High Altitude Wind Power (HAWP) generating system provides clean energy at low cost and high capacity factor due to reduced size of the turbine and high speed streamlined wind at high altitude. An air-borne wind turbine (AWT) at high altitude extracts kinetic energy from wind using buoyancy provided by the blimp/aerostat. The generated electrical power is then transmitted to the ground based station (without any power conditioning) using the transmission lines (tether). The power conversion system (PCS) for harnessing HAWP is proposed in this paper. The proposed PCS consists of a three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) rectifier, a three-level NPC DC–DC converter followed by a two-level inverter. Modelling, design and control of the PCS are presented and discussed. The PCS provides generation side maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) using sensorless optimal torque control technique. The DC–DC converter provides electrical isolation as well as voltage step-down functions. A modified proportional resonant (PR) control which can selectively eliminate lower order current harmonics of the grid-connected inverter is also presented. The proposed control scheme of the PCS is evaluated through simulation studies using software programs like PSIM and MATLAB. A scaled-down 1 kW laboratory prototype of the complete PCS is designed, built and tested. The experimental test results obtained validate the proposed control scheme for efficient power generation from high altitude wind and interface to the grid/load.     

Improved Kalman-based attitude estimation framework for UAVs via an antenna array

Accurate attitude estimation is crucial for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in order to facilitate automated activities such as landing or trajectory tracking. Recently antenna array based communication systems have been installed in UAVs. This array structure can also be applied for attitude estimation by computing the line-of-sight (LOS) path between the base station and UAV. In this paper, we propose a complete framework for attitude estimation by exploiting 3D LOS vector obtained from the antenna array system. We present all the steps to incorporate the estimated LOS vector into the TRIaxial Attitude Determination (TRIAD), QUaternion ESTimator (QUEST) and Kalman algorithms. As an additional contribution, the error covariance matrix of the LOS vector is analytically calculated by first finding the phase shift mean squared error using the known perturbation model from Singular Value Decomposition and assuming that the antenna array measured data error can be modeled as a circularly symmetric white noise. We evaluate five array configurations via Monte Carlo simulations. We show that array configurations that provide orthogonal components of the LOS vector achieve a better performance. The usage of more than three pairs of antennas to improve the estimation of the LOS vector is also proposed for low and intermediate signal-to-noise ratio regimes.